Learning resources to improve your academic skills
Find easy-to-follow guides for themes such as research methods, statistical analysis, academic writing, and study strategies.
Research Methods, Methodology, and Fundamentals
Explore research guides on themes such as research methods, methodology, and fundamentals.
Methods & Methodology
Action Research: Definition, Cycle, and Examples
Action research is a type of research in which people ...
Methods & Methodology
Applied Research: Definition, Steps, Examples
Applied research is research designed to answer a practical question, ...
Methods & Methodology
Basic Research Explained
Basic research is research carried out to develop knowledge, explain ...
Methods & Methodology
Case Study Research: How It Works, Types, and Methods
Case study research is a research design that studies one ...
Methods & Methodology
Comparative Research Explained: Types, Methods & Uses
Comparative research is a research design in which researchers study ...
Methods & Methodology
Cross-Sectional Research Explained: Uses, Design & Steps
Cross-sectional research is a research design that studies people, groups, ...
Data Collection and Types
Data Collection Methods: Types, Examples and Steps
Data Collection Methods are the procedures researchers use to gather, ...
Methods & Methodology
Descriptive Research Explained: Types, Steps and Examples
Descriptive research is a type of research used to describe ...
Methods & Methodology
Empirical Research: Definition, Methods & Examples
Empirical research is research based on evidence that can be ...
Methods & Methodology
Evaluation Research: Definition, Methods and Examples
Evaluation research is a type of research used to judge ...
Methods & Methodology
Experimental Research: Definition, Methods & Examples
Experimental research is a research design in which the researcher ...
Methods & Methodology
Explanatory Research: Definition, Steps & Examples
Explanatory research is research that studies why or how something ...
Methods & Methodology
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is a type of research used when a ...
Methods & Methodology
Literature Review
A literature review examines existing scholarship to develop a reasoned ...
Methods & Methodology
Longitudinal Research: Types, Methods, Examples
Longitudinal research is a research design in which the same ...
Methods & Methodology
Mixed Methods Research: Definition, Designs, and Examples
Mixed methods research is a research approach that combines quantitative ...
Methods & Methodology
Non-Experimental Research: Definition, Methods & Examples
Non-experimental research is a research design in which the researcher ...
Methods & Methodology
Quantitative Research: Types, Methods and Examples
Quantitative research is a research methodology that uses numerical data ...
Methods & Methodology
Quasi-Experimental Research: Methods, Designs & Steps
Quasi-experimental research is a research design used to study the ...
Methods & Methodology
Research Hypothesis explained
A research hypothesis turns a research question into a prediction ...
Qualitative Research, Methods, and Analysis
Explore research guides on qualitative methods, coding, qualitative data analysis techniques, and core concepts in qualitative research. Visit the qualitative research hub to browse all articles and guides on qualitative research and methods.
Methods & Methodology
Archival Data in Qualitative Research
Archival data in qualitative research refers to existing records that ...
Methods & Methodology
Braun and Clarke’s Thematic Analysis
Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis is an approach to interpreting ...
Methods & Methodology
Controlled Observation
Controlled observation is an observational research method in which the ...
Methods & Methodology
Diary Methods
Diary methods in qualitative research ask participants to record experiences, ...
Methods & Methodology
Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis examines how language and other forms of communication ...
Methods & Methodology
Field Notes in Qualitative Research
Field notes in qualitative research are written records of what ...
Methods & Methodology
Focus Groups in Qualitative Research
Focus groups in qualitative research are moderated group discussions used ...
Methods & Methodology
Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a research methodology for developing an explanation ...
Methods & Methodology
Grounded Theory Analysis
Grounded theory analysis is the process of comparing research material, ...
Methods & Methodology
Grounded Theory Research
Grounded theory research develops an explanation by collecting and analysing ...
Methods & Methodology
Narrative Analysis
Narrative analysis examines how people organise experiences into stories and ...
Methods & Methodology
Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic observation is an observational research method in which people, ...
Statistical Methods, Analysis, and Tests
Explore research guides on statistical methods, hypothesis tests, statistical data analysis techniques, and core concepts in statistical research. Visit the statistical analysis hub to browse all articles and guides on statistical methods, analysis, and tests.
Methods & Methodology
ANOVA: Definition, Assumptions, Examples & Interpretation
ANOVA, short for analysis of variance, is a statistical test ...
Methods & Methodology
Chi-Square Test: Definition, Interpretation, and Examples
Chi-square test is a statistical test used to analyse categorical ...
Methods & Methodology
Correlation Tests Explained: Types, Interpretation, and Examples
Correlation tests are statistical tests used to examine whether two ...
Correlation
Correlational Research Explained: Methods, Design, and Data Collection
Correlational Research is a non-experimental research design used to examine ...
Methods & Methodology
Hypothesis Testing Explained: Steps, Errors, and Examples
Hypothesis testing is a statistical analysis procedure for using sample ...
Methods & Methodology
Inferential Statistics Explained: From Samples to Conclusions
Inferential statistics is an area of statistical analysis that helps ...
Correlation
Kendall’s Tau: How to Calculate and Interpret It
Kendall’s Tau is a rank-based correlation coefficient used in statistical ...
Methods & Methodology
Mann-Whitney U test: Assumptions, Use & Interpretation
Mann-Whitney U test is a rank-based statistical test used to ...
Correlation
Pearson Correlation Coefficient: How to Calculate and Interpret r
Pearson correlation coefficient is a key measure in statistical analysis ...
Methods & Methodology
Regression Tests: Assumptions, Use and Interpretation
Regression tests are statistical tests used to examine whether a ...
Correlation
Spearman’s Rank Correlation: Formula, Uses & Interpretation
Spearman’s rank correlation is a measure used in statistical analysis ...
Methods & Methodology
Statistical Methods: Types, How to Choose, and Examples
Statistical methods give researchers a way to turn data into ...
Academic Writing and the Writing Process
Write better with guides on themes such as academic writing, the writing process, writing strategies, and essential writing skills. Visit the academic writing hub to browse all articles and guides on academic writing and the writing process.
Academic Writing
Academic Writing: What it is, types, and examples
Academic writing is the way students, researchers, and academics turn ...
Academic Writing
Analytical Writing: Definition, Structure & Examples
Analytical writing is a type of academic writing that explains ...
Academic Writing
Critical Writing: Definition, Features & Examples
Critical writing is a form of academic writing that evaluates ...
Academic Writing
Descriptive Writing: Definition, Features & Examples
Descriptive writing is a type of academic writing that presents ...
Academic Writing
Drafting Techniques for Clear Writing
Drafting is the stage of the writing process where a ...
Academic Writing
Editing in Writing: Improve Clarity and Accuracy for Clearer Final Drafts
Editing is the final stage of the writing process where ...
Academic Writing
How to Cite Sources: Books, PDFs, AI & Websites
How to cite sources is a practical research skill. It ...
Academic Writing
How to Write a Lab Report: Format, Structure and Examples
Lab report writing is all about showing what you did, ...
Academic Writing
How to Write a Motivation Letter
A motivation letter is one of the most common documents ...
Academic Writing
How to Write an Essay: Evidence Based Guidance
Knowing how to write an essay is one of the ...
Academic Writing
Outlining: Learn How to Plan Essays, Papers, and Proposals
Outlining is the stage of the writing process where a ...
Academic Writing
Persuasive Writing: Definition, Features & Examples
Persuasive writing is a type of academic writing used to ...
Academic Writing
Prewriting: From First Ideas to Clear Outlines
Prewriting is the early work that happens before a full ...
Academic Writing
Revising in Writing: How to Strengthen Your Writing
Revising is the stage of the writing process where a ...
Academic Writing
The Types of Academic Writing
The four types of academic writing describe the different jobs ...
Academic Writing
The Writing Process Explained: The 5 Writing Steps
The writing process is the way writers turn an idea ...
Study Strategies and Learning Techniques
Study and learn faster and more efficiently with these guides on themes such as study strategies, note-taking methods, memorization techniques, and time management strategies.
Reading Strategies
Active Reading Explained: How to Read Smarter with Proven Techniques
Active Reading is a way of reading that keeps the ...
Retrieval Practices
Active Recall: What it is and How to Use it to Remember More
Active recall is a study method and retrieval practice based ...
Retrieval Practices
Blurting Method: What it is and How to Blurt
Blurting Method is a study method and retrieval practice built ...
Reading Strategies
Critical Reading: Essential Skills for Reading Comprehension and Analysis
Critical Reading is the habit of reading with enough attention ...
Memorization Techniques
Memorization Techniques to Improve Memory Retention
Memorization Techniques are the practical methods people use to hold ...
Note-Taking Methods
Note-Taking Methods to Improve Memory and Focus
Note-Taking Methods are the practical systems people use to capture, ...
Study Methods
Pomodoro Technique: The 25/5 Study Method Explained
The Pomodoro Technique is a simple productivity method: work for ...
Reading Strategies
Reading Strategies That Help Improve Comprehension
Reading Strategies are the deliberate ways readers approach a text ...
Retrieval Practices
Retrieval Practices: Remember More With Less Study Time
Retrieval Practices are study methods that ask you to pull ...
Reading Strategies
SQ3R Method: How to Master Active Reading and Boost Your Study Skills
The SQ3R Method is a reading and study strategy built ...
Study Methods
The Best Study Methods According to Research
Study methods give you practical ways to read a difficult ...
Retrieval Practices
The Feynman Technique explained
The Feynman technique is a way to study a concept ...
Study Methods
Time Blocking Method: How It Works with Examples
Time Blocking is a planning method that gives work a ...
Study Methods
Time Management Strategies: Learn to Better Plan and Prioritize
Time management strategies are the deliberate ways people plan, sort, ...