Learn Research Methods
Learn research methods with these easy-to-follow guides that will help you understand research processes, study types, qualitative and statistical methods, data, variables, and sampling.
Learn About the Research Process and its Fundamentals
Understand the research process with guides that help you move from a topic and research question to a focused, testable hypothesis.
Methods & Methodology
Literature Review
A literature review examines existing scholarship to develop a reasoned ...
Methods & Methodology
Research Hypothesis explained
A research hypothesis turns a research question into a prediction ...
Methods & Methodology
Research Objectives
Research objectives state what a study intends to establish through ...
Methods & Methodology
Research Problem explained
A research problem is a specific issue, uncertainty, or gap ...
Methods & Methodology
Research Question explained
A research question is the question a study is built ...
Methods & Methodology
The Research Process explained
The research process is the route from a first idea ...
Learn About the Types of Research
Learn about types of research with guides that help you choose an approach for exploring ideas, studying evidence, or answering practical questions.
Methods & Methodology
Action Research: Definition, Cycle, and Examples
Action research is a type of research in which people ...
Methods & Methodology
Applied Research: Definition, Steps, Examples
Applied research is research designed to answer a practical question, ...
Methods & Methodology
Basic Research Explained
Basic research is research carried out to develop knowledge, explain ...
Methods & Methodology
Case Study Research: How It Works, Types, and Methods
Case study research is a research design that studies one ...
Methods & Methodology
Comparative Research Explained: Types, Methods & Uses
Comparative research is a research design in which researchers study ...
Methods & Methodology
Cross-Sectional Research Explained: Uses, Design & Steps
Cross-sectional research is a research design that studies people, groups, ...
Methods & Methodology
Descriptive Research Explained: Types, Steps and Examples
Descriptive research is a type of research used to describe ...
Methods & Methodology
Empirical Research: Definition, Methods & Examples
Empirical research is research based on evidence that can be ...
Methods & Methodology
Evaluation Research: Definition, Methods and Examples
Evaluation research is a type of research used to judge ...
Methods & Methodology
Experimental Research: Definition, Methods & Examples
Experimental research is a research design in which the researcher ...
Methods & Methodology
Explanatory Research: Definition, Steps & Examples
Explanatory research is research that studies why or how something ...
Methods & Methodology
Exploratory Research
Exploratory research is a type of research used when a ...
Methods & Methodology
Longitudinal Research: Types, Methods, Examples
Longitudinal research is a research design in which the same ...
Methods & Methodology
Mixed Methods Research: Definition, Designs, and Examples
Mixed methods research is a research approach that combines quantitative ...
Methods & Methodology
Non-Experimental Research: Definition, Methods & Examples
Non-experimental research is a research design in which the researcher ...
Methods & Methodology
Quantitative Research: Types, Methods and Examples
Quantitative research is a research methodology that uses numerical data ...
Methods & Methodology
Quasi-Experimental Research: Methods, Designs & Steps
Quasi-experimental research is a research design used to study the ...
Methods & Methodology
Survey Research: Types, Methods and Examples
Survey research is a research design that collects information from ...
Methods & Methodology
Theoretical Research: Definition, Methods and Examples
Theoretical research is a type of research that develops knowledge ...
Methods & Methodology
Types of Research
Types of research are the different ways researchers organise a ...
Learn Qualitative Research Methods
Learn qualitative research methods with guides that help you explore experiences, understand meanings, and analyse rich, non-numerical data. Visit the qualitative research hub to browse all articles and guides on qualitative research and methods.
Methods & Methodology
Archival Data in Qualitative Research
Archival data in qualitative research refers to existing records that ...
Methods & Methodology
Braun and Clarke’s Thematic Analysis
Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis is an approach to interpreting ...
Methods & Methodology
Controlled Observation
Controlled observation is an observational research method in which the ...
Methods & Methodology
Diary Methods
Diary methods in qualitative research ask participants to record experiences, ...
Methods & Methodology
Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis examines how language and other forms of communication ...
Methods & Methodology
Field Notes in Qualitative Research
Field notes in qualitative research are written records of what ...
Methods & Methodology
Focus Groups in Qualitative Research
Focus groups in qualitative research are moderated group discussions used ...
Methods & Methodology
Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a research methodology for developing an explanation ...
Methods & Methodology
Grounded Theory Analysis
Grounded theory analysis is the process of comparing research material, ...
Methods & Methodology
Grounded Theory Research
Grounded theory research develops an explanation by collecting and analysing ...
Methods & Methodology
Narrative Analysis
Narrative analysis examines how people organise experiences into stories and ...
Methods & Methodology
Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic observation is an observational research method in which people, ...
Methods & Methodology
Non-Participant Observation
Non-participant observation is an observational research method in which the ...
Methods & Methodology
Observational Research
Observational research is a method of studying people, behaviour, interaction, ...
Methods & Methodology
Open-Ended Survey Questions
Open-ended survey questions are survey questions that let respondents answer ...
Methods & Methodology
Participant Observation
Participant observation is an observational research method in which the ...
Methods & Methodology
Photo Elicitation
Photo elicitation is a qualitative research method that uses photographs ...
Methods & Methodology
Photovoice
Photovoice is a participatory visual research method in which participants ...
Methods & Methodology
Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative analysis interprets meaning, experience and social action in research ...
Methods & Methodology
Qualitative Coding
Qualitative coding assigns short labels to relevant passages, actions or ...
Methods & Methodology
Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative data analysis is the practical work of preparing, examining ...
Methods & Methodology
Qualitative Document Analysis
Qualitative document analysis is a research method for studying written, ...
Methods & Methodology
Qualitative Interviews
Interviews in qualitative research are a way of collecting detailed ...
Methods & Methodology
Qualitative Observation
Qualitative observation is the use of observation to collect descriptive, ...
Learn Statistical Methods
Learn statistical methods with guides that help you summarise data, test relationships, compare results, and draw meaningful conclusions. Visit the statistical analysis hub to browse all articles and guides on statistical methods, analysis, and tests.
Correlation
Correlational Research Explained: Methods, Design, and Data Collection
Correlational Research is a non-experimental research design used to examine ...
Methods & Methodology
Inferential Statistics Explained: From Samples to Conclusions
Inferential statistics is an area of statistical analysis that helps ...
Correlation
Kendall’s Tau: How to Calculate and Interpret It
Kendall’s Tau is a rank-based correlation coefficient used in statistical ...
Correlation
Pearson Correlation Coefficient: How to Calculate and Interpret r
Pearson correlation coefficient is a key measure in statistical analysis ...
Correlation
Spearman’s Rank Correlation: Formula, Uses & Interpretation
Spearman’s rank correlation is a measure used in statistical analysis ...
Methods & Methodology
Statistical Methods: Types, How to Choose, and Examples
Statistical methods give researchers a way to turn data into ...
Correlation
What Is Correlation Analysis: Methods, Formula & Examples
Correlation analysis is a statistical method for looking at the ...
Methods & Methodology
What Is Regression Analysis: Types, Models & Examples
Regression analysis is a statistical method for studying how an ...
Methods & Methodology
What Is Statistical Analysis: Methods, Types & Examples
Statistical analysis is the process of working with quantitative data ...
Learn About Data, Variables, and Sampling Methods
Learn about data sampling with guides that help you select participants, represent populations, and collect reliable data for research.
Methods & Methodology
Cluster Sampling Explained: Types, Steps & Examples
Cluster sampling is a probability-based sampling method in which researchers ...
Methods & Methodology
Convenience Sampling: Meaning, Uses, and Examples
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which people, ...
Data Collection and Types
Data Collection Methods: Types, Examples and Steps
Data Collection Methods are the procedures researchers use to gather, ...
Methods & Methodology
Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which researchers ...
Methods & Methodology
Random Sampling: How It Works, Types, and Examples
Random sampling is a probability-based way of selecting people, cases, ...
Methods & Methodology
Sampling in Research explained: Definition and Types
Sampling in research is the process of selecting a smaller ...
Methods & Methodology
Sampling Methods: Types, Examples, and When to Use Each Method
Sampling methods are the procedures researchers use to choose a ...
Methods & Methodology
Snowball Sampling Explained: Uses, Steps, Examples
Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which existing ...
Methods & Methodology
Stratified Sampling Explained: Types, Steps & Examples
Stratified sampling is a probability-based sampling method in which a ...
Methods & Methodology
Systematic Sampling: Definition, Steps, and Examples
Systematic sampling is a probability-based sampling method in which researchers ...
Methods & Methodology
Variable in Research: Types, Categories and Examples
Variable in Research refers to any characteristic, condition, concept, or ...