Methods & Methodology

Experimental research is a research design in which the researcher deliberately changes one or more conditions and observes the effect on an outcome. It is used when a study needs more than description or association. Instead of only asking whether two variables appear together, experimental research asks whether a controlled change in one variable produces […]

Theoretical research is a type of research that develops knowledge through concepts, models, arguments, and existing literature rather than through the collection of new observational or experimental data. It is used when a researcher wants to clarify an idea, build a theory, compare explanations, refine assumptions, or create a framework that later studies can use.

Empirical research is research based on evidence that can be observed, measured, recorded, or otherwise examined through systematic data collection. Instead of relying only on abstract reasoning or existing theory, empirical research asks a question about the world and then uses evidence to support, refine, or challenge an answer. This article explains what empirical research

Mixed methods research is a research approach that combines quantitative and qualitative evidence within one study or a connected set of study phases. It is used when numbers can show a pattern, but words, observations, documents, or cases are needed to understand that pattern more fully. A mixed methods study may begin with a survey

Quantitative research is a research methodology that uses numerical data to measure variables, compare groups, test relationships, estimate patterns, and examine hypotheses. It is used when a researcher wants to answer questions about amount, frequency, difference, association, prediction, or change with evidence that can be analysed statistically. This article explains quantitative research and shows how

Explanatory research is research that studies why or how something happens. It goes beyond describing a pattern and tries to explain the relationship, process, or cause behind it. A descriptive study may show that students who attend revision sessions often get higher exam scores. An explanatory study asks whether the sessions help, whether already motivated

Descriptive research is a type of research used to describe a population, situation, behaviour, experience, or set of characteristics as accurately as possible. It helps researchers answer questions such as what exists, who is involved, how often something occurs, where a pattern appears, and how a group or setting can be described from available evidence.

Exploratory research is a type of research used when a topic, problem, group, setting, or relationship is not yet understood well enough for a fixed study design. It helps the researcher become familiar with the situation, notice useful patterns, refine early ideas, and prepare clearer research questions for later work. This article explains what exploratory

Evaluation research is a type of research used to judge the quality, implementation, results, or usefulness of a programme, policy, intervention, course, service, or project. It does not simply ask whether something is liked. It asks what was planned, what actually happened, what evidence can be used to judge it, and what conclusion the evidence